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在英语中,一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。
They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.
He shouldered his way through the crowd.
The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
We will try our best to better our living conditions.
They tried to perfect the working conditions.
He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.
The old in our village are living a happy life.
How long have you lived there?
Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.
Life is full of ups and downs.
His argument contains too many ifs and buts.
由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词,这种构词法叫做合成法,合成的词叫做合成词(compounds)。合成词的写法由习惯决定,可以写在一起,也可以用连词符号连接。
newspaper blood-test she-wolf
typewriter pickpocket daybreak
handwriting reading-room freezing-point
breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome
sister-in-law editor-in-chief
world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term
peace-loving English-speaking
warm-hearted absent-minded
ten-year-old 800-meter-long
face –to-face door – to -door
outnumber underestimate overwork
由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。
除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,但不改变单词的词性。
un-unhappy unfinished undress
in[il-(在字母l前),im-(在字母m,b,p前),ir(在字母r前)]-inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular
mis-misbehave mislead mistake
en-“使……” enrich enlarge encourage
inter-“相互” international intercontinental
re-“再,又,重” rethink retell recycle
tele-“远程的” telescope telephone telegraph
auto-“自动的” automatic automobile
co-“共同” coworker cooperate coexist
anti-“反对,抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear
multi-“多” multistory multicultural multicolor
bi-“双,二”bicycle bilingual bilateral
micro-“极小的,微小的” microwave microcomputer
over-“太多,过分” overwork overdo overestimate
self-“自己,本身” self-centered self-confident self-control
under-“在……下面,……下的,不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate
-able “可……的,具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable
-al“与……有关的” physical, magical, political
-an“属于某地方的人” American African
-ern“方向” southern, northern, eastern
-ful/ less“(没)有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless
-ish“如……的;有……特征的” foolish childish selfish
-ive“有……倾向的” active attractive expensive
-en“由……制成的” golden wooden woolen
-ous“有(性质)的” famous, dangerous, poisonous
-ly “有……性质的” friendly yearly daily
-y“构成形容词” noisy dusty cloudy
-er / or“表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container
-ese“某国(人)的” Chinese, Japanese
-ian“某国、某地人;精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician
-ist“某种主义或职业者” physicist, scientist, communist,socialist
-ess“表女性,雌性” hostess, actress, princess
-ment“行为或其状态” government, movement, achievement
-ness“性质,状态” illness, sadness, carelessness
-tion“动作,过程,结果” invention, organization, translation
-ance/ ence“抽象;行为、性质、状态” importance, appearance, absence, existence
-th“性质、情况” depth, warmth, truth
-ful“(满的)量” handful, spoonful, mouthful
-(a)bility“抽象、性质、状态” possibility, disability, reliability
-al“过程、状态” survival, arrival, approval
-y“性质、情况” modesty, delivery, honesty
-dom“处于……状态;性质” freedom, boredom
-age“状态,行为,身份及其结果” courage, storage, marriage
-fy / ify“使得;变得” simplify, beautify, purify
-en“使成为……;变得” shorten, deepen, sadden
-ize“使成为” apologize, realize, specialize
-ly“方式,程度” freely, truly, angrily
ward(s)“向……” towards, forward, upwards
-teen“十几” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
-ty“整十位数” forty, fifty, sixty
-th“序数词” twelfth, twentieth